Wave Breakers: Engineering Solutions to Terengganu's Coastal Erosion

The monsoon season in Peninsular Malaysia starts in early November and lasts until late January. During this period, the Northeast monsoon brings heavy rainfall, cause inland flooding, while powerful waves from the South China sea relentlessly erode the shores of Terengganu.

In my hometown, Kuala Terengganu, this has led to concerning changes along the coastline, such as shortened beaches and steepened shores. Residents living near the shore face dire consequences as their homes and livelihoods are increasingly threatened by ongoing erosion. Alarmingly, the coastline is shrinking by one to two meters annually, jeopardizing both the safety of the local population and the sustainability of the coastal environment.

To combat this crisis, authorities in Terengganu have taken proactive measures, including the construction of wave breakers—structures engineered to reduce wave intensity and mitigate coastal erosion.

Understanding Wave Breakers

What are Wave Breakers?

Wave breakers, also known as breakwaters, are structures designed to protect shorelines, harbors, and maritime infrastructure from the destructive force of waves. They work by reducing wave energy before it reaches the shore, minimizing erosion and safeguarding both natural and man-made environments.

How Do They Work?

Several factors influence a wave breaker's effectiveness, including:

  • Wavelength: The distance between two wave crests.
  • Wave Height: The vertical distance between the wave crest and trough.
  • Water Depth: The depth over which the waves travel.

By carefully considering these factors, engineers can design wave breakers to maximize their protective capabilities.

Types of Wave Breakers

1. Submerged Wave Breakers
    Constructed below the waterline, these structures reduce wave energy without being visible, preserving the natural seascape. Its purpose is to reduce wave energy without being fully visible above the waterline. These wave breakers are effective in diminishing the impact of high-energy waves.

2. Emergent Wave Breakers
    Rising above the water's surface, these visible barriers are typically made from heavy materials like steel, concrete, or large stones. They are suited for areas with strong wave activity, such as Terengganu's coastline.

3. Permeable Wave Breakers
    Allowing water and sediment to pass through, these structures are often made from porous materials such as rocks or geotextiles. They work by dissipating wave energy through openings or by allowing waves to pass through and break, thus reducing the wave force before it reaches the shore. Permeable wave breakers are generally more environmentally friendly because they allow the movement of water and sediments, which benefits local ecosystems.

Wave Breakers in Terengganu


Breakwaters in Terengganu
In response to escalating coastal erosion, the Terengganu government has constructed solid emergent wave breakers along vulnerable stretches of coastline. These robust structures protect against the intense wave activity during the monsoon season, safeguarding homes, harbors, and beaches.

A local resident shared, “The waves used to come right up to our doorstep during the monsoon. Since the wave breakers were built, we feel much safer.”

However, while effective, these structures also have limitations. Wave reflection can cause turbulence, potentially leading to erosion in nearby areas. This is why engineers must consider the balance between immediate protection and long-term environmental impact.

The Future of Coastal Protection

As climate change exacerbates sea level rise and intensifies storm activity, coastal protection strategies must evolve. Innovations in wave breaker design, like Japan’s tetrapod-shaped structures, could inspire improvements in Terengganu. These interlocking concrete blocks not only absorb wave energy effectively but are also more stable in turbulent conditions.

In addition, researchers are exploring hybrid solutions that integrate natural elements, such as mangrove replantation and coral reef restoration, with engineered barriers. Such approaches can enhance coastal resilience while promoting biodiversity.

Conclusion

Wave breakers are indispensable tools in the fight against coastal erosion, particularly in regions like Terengganu, where the monsoon season poses significant challenges. By reducing wave energy, these structures protect lives, infrastructure, and natural environments. However, as environmental conditions change, ongoing research and innovation will be essential to ensure sustainable and effective coastal defenses for future generations.

Key Takeaways for Readers

  • Wave breakers are critical for protecting coastlines but must be carefully designed to balance effectiveness with environmental impact.
  • Involving the community and integrating natural solutions can enhance coastal protection efforts.

References:

Phetthanan Sukaphone  & Buonkun Ounlesy Yaxasiht. 2021. Wave Breaker Model of Transmission Waves. Journal La Multiapp 2 (1): 35-40. ISSN: 2716-3865 (Print), 2721-1290 (Online)

María Victoria Moragues , María Clavero & Miguel Á. Losada. 2020. Wave Breaker Types on a Smooth and Impermeable.  Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, 296; doi:10.3390/jmse8040296.

 

 

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